GWP numbers for a refrigerant are calculated and published by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC). The GWP number is based on the refrigerant’s properties, such as lifetime, radiative forcing effect, and current
atmospheric conditions such as abundance of CO2 gas. Consequently, GWP numbers have changed over time. However,
most notable regulations such as the Kigali Amendment of the Montreal Protocol, CARB Prohibitions on Use of Certain
Hydrofluorocarbons in Stationary Refrigeration, Stationary Air-conditioning and Other End-Uses, and the AIM act, are based
on the IPCC’s 4th Assessment Report (IPCC AR4) values. Regulatory bodies have used the IPCC AR4 values to develop
policies and identified refrigerants with a GWP of <750 as lower GWP candidates

Single component refrigerants are comprised of only one type of molecule, so they have a constant evaporation and
condensation temperature at a given pressure. On the contrary, blend refrigerants are a combination of two or more single
component refrigerants that are carefully formulated and composed to strengthen or compensate for certain properties.

Single component refrigerants are simpler to handle than most blends. Single component refrigerants do not have a
temperature glide; refrigerant charging can be performed in liquid or gas phase even with an upright cylinder; there is no
negative performance impact due to composition change; it can be easily reclaimed, recycled, and after reused and its
production cannot be restricted by patents, as is the case for many newer low GWP blends.

 Temperature glide is variability in boiling temperature of a refrigerant fluid due to the fraction of liquid and vapor at a given
pressure condition. This is an undesirable characteristic that can compromise optimal performance of an HVAC system.

Critical temperature is the temperature above which a pressure change cannot liquify the refrigerant, no matter how much
pressure is applied. Higher critical temperatures allow for greater heat transfer at a constant temperature and is thus desirable
for better efficiency.

LFL is the minimum concentration of a refrigerant that is capable of propagating a flame under specific test conditions.
A higher LFL is desired because it means a higher concentration is required to create flammable conditions. LFL for lighter
fluid – butane is 1.7% (%vol), compared to R-32’s 14.4% (%vol).

 Lifetime Emissions (kg CO2.eq) from a system are a sum total of its Direct and Indirect Emissions.– Simply stated, Direct Emissions relate to the refrigerant type and its GWP whereas Indirect Emissions relate to equipment
manufacturing and use in its lifetime. – Direct Emissions will be lower for a lower GWP refrigerant because it is calculated as kgrefrigerant leaked * GWP. However, an HVAC
system is designed to reduce leakage and not release refrigerant to the atmosphere. But, Direct Emissions typically contribute
up to 11% of a systems total Lifetime Emissions. – Indirect Emissions make up more than 89% of a systems Lifetime Emissions.– Thus, efficiency of the system is a very important criteria in choosing a refrigerant for effective reduction of GHG emissions.
R-32 refrigerant’s increased efficiency helps OEM engineers design systems with low electricity consumption over the system’s
life, compensating for Direct Emissions, and resulting in lower Lifetime Emissions than other lower GWP blends.

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